India—independence and partition

The establishment of a parliamentary democracy in India and the establishment of Portuguese as the official language of Brazil indicates that European colonizers

1. influenced the culture of regions under their control
2. respected the governments of the indigenous peoples
3. promoted Protestant religions over native religions
4. studied local traditions before implementing policies

 

Between 1945 and 1947, the differences between the Hindus and the Muslims in India led to the

1. Sepoy Mutiny
2. Salt March
3. policy of nonalignment
4. partitioning of the subcontinent

 

At the end of World War II, the British decided to partition the Indian subcontinent into the nations of India and Pakistan. What was a primary reason for this division?

1. India had adopted a policy of nonalignment.
2. Religious differences had led to conflicts between Hindus and Muslims.
3. Most of India’s valuable resources were located in the south.
4. British India’s Muslim minority controlled most of India’s banking industry.

What is the main idea of this 2002 cartoon?

1. The technology of the Cold War now threatens peace in Asia.
2. The risk of nuclear conflict has been eliminated.
3. Nuclear power presents a possible solution to energy shortages in southern Asia.
4. Mediation has lessened tensions between India and Pakistan.

 

“When I go to the office, I put on my shirt and I take off my Caste; when I come home, I take off my shirt and I put on my Caste.”

What is the main idea of this quotation?

1. the Caste system continues to influence Indian society

2. the Caste system has been reflected by most Indians

3. successful urban workers in India belong the same Caste

4. the Indian government officially supports the Caste system 

 

A common element in the movements for German unification, Italian unification, and Indian independence was the

1. support of the Catholic Church
2. strength of nationalist leaders
3. mediation of the League of Nations
4. existence of democratic institutions

 

Which leader is most closely associated with the use of civil disobedience in a struggle to end colonial rule?

1.  Momar Khadafi
2.  Ho Chi Minh
3.  Saddam Hussein 
4.  Mohandas Gandhi

 

During the Indian independence movement, many Muslims in India demanded a separate state of Pakistan to

1. remain under British control
2. prevent future invasions from Afghanistan and China
3. address concerns about their status as a religious minority
4. protect the sacred rivers, the Indus and the Ganges

 

In addition to providing water for Indian agriculture, the Ganges River remains important to India because it is

1. the only source of Indian hydroelectric power

2. a sacred river for the Hindu population

3. the birthplace of Hindu culture

4. an unofficial boundary between the Hindus and Muslims 

 

“India made detailed preparations for war with Pakistan yesterday, although senior officers said offensive operations would have to wait for the end of searing summer temperatures and the monsoon rain which follows. . . .”

— The Daily Telegraph (London), May 21, 2002

 

Which conclusion is based on this passage?

1. Military offensives often succeed because of monsoons.
2. Pakistan will be destroyed by flooding and drought.
3. Geographic factors can influence a nation’s military decisions.
4. Trade has a major impact on political life in India.

 

What was one reason that India was divided into two nations in 1947?

1. Indian leaders disagreed about India’s role in the United Nations.
2. Great Britain feared a unified India would be a military threat.
3. The Soviet Union insisted that India should have a communist government.
4. Differences between the Hindus and the Muslims created religious conflict.

 

A sociologist interested in Indian culture would most likely focus on the study of

1. Hinduism and its influence on life in India

2. India’s development of nuclear weapons

3. the parliamentary government of India

4. the influence of agricultural production on India’s Gross national Product (GNP) 

 

In India, the Caste System determined a person’s occupation, personal associations, and marriage partner. This situation shows that the Caste system

1. has helped eliminate ethnic and religious rivalries

2. has promoted social mobility within Indian society

3. has been stronger in urban areas that in rural areas

4. has been a way of life as well as an element of religion 

 

The Tamils in Sri Lanka, the Sikhs in India, and the Zulus in South Africa have all attempted to

1. establish colonies in Asia

2. practice passive resistance

3. achieve political separatism

4. encourage mercantilism 

 

Statement 1: “This organization is created for the purpose of realizing the national ideal: the union of all Serbs.”

—Bylaws of the Black Hand

Statement 2: “. . . people . . . would think themselves happier even under their bad government than they might be under the good government of a foreign power.”

—Mohandas Gandhi,adapted from Indian Opinion, 1905

Statement 3:“. . . above all, we want Germany to be considered one land and the German people one people.”

—Heinrich von Gagern, The Call for German Unity

Statement 4: “We ardently wish to free Italy from foreign rule. We agree that we must put aside all petty differences in order to gain this most important goal. We wish to drive out the foreigners not only because we want to see our country powerful and glorious, but also because we want to elevate the Italian people in intelligence and moral development.”

—Count Camillo di Cavour, 1810–1861

Which idea is expressed by all the statements?

1. War is a means of achieving national policies.

2. Industrial growth is critical to a country’s prosperity.

3. Social class differences are the source of all conflicts.

4. Self-determination of the people is an important goal. 

 

What is the main idea of this 2002 cartoon?

1. The United States refuses to become involved in another war.
2. Nuclear proliferation continues to threaten world peace.
3. The Cold War conflict continues today.
4. Pakistan is the dominant nuclear force in this region.

 

The establishment of a parliamentary democracy in India and the establishment of Portuguese as the official language of Brazil indicates that European colonizers

1. influenced the culture of regions under their control
2. respected the governments of the indigenous peoples
3. promoted Protestant religions over native religions
4. studied local traditions before implementing policies

 

Mohandas Gandhi is best known for his

1. use of passive resistance to achieve Indian independence

2. desire to establish and Islamic nations

3. opposition to Hindus holding political office

4. encouragement of violence to end British rule 

 

A sense of national unity has been difficult to maintain in India because of

1. its reliance on foreign aid

2. the emergence of a mixed economic system

3. the continuing influence of militarism

4. the desire of religious groups for greater autonomy

 

Which statement about the problems of Indian independence is a fact rather than an opinion?

1. Stronger government leadership would have prevented bloodshed.

2. Control of India by Great Britain brought more benefits than difficulties.

3. Muslim leaders wanted their own separate Muslim state.

4. India would have been more prosperous if it had remained a colony. 

 

After World War II, the conflict between Hindus and Muslims in India resulted in the

1. near genocide of the Hindu population

2. creation of the Muslim state of Pakistan

3. forced removal of most Hindus from northern and western India

4. decision of Mohandas Gandhi to seek election as Prime Minister of India 

 

Which statement best explains why India was partitioned in 1947?

1. the British feared a united India

2. one region wanted to remain under British control

3. religious differences led to political division

4. communist supporters wanted a separate state 

 

During the 1980’s, national unity in India was hindered by

1. a. a foreign policy of nonalignment

2. b. continued fear of attack from the Soviet Union

3. c. political interference from China

4. c. conflicts between Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims 

 

Since the 1950’s, India has experienced conflict with both Pakistan and China over

1. United Nations peacekeeping efforts in the region

2. India’s increasing trade with Korea

3. borders and related territorial issues

4. the interpretation of common religious works 

 

Since India’s independence in 1947, the government has had the greatest success in

1. increasing overall food production

2. reducing the population

3. eliminating religious conflict

4. controlling industrial pollution 

 

One reason India gained its independence from Great Britain in 1947 was that

1. Great Britain was defeated in World War II

2. the Treaty of Versailles required Great Britain to give up its colonies

3. Great Britain did not have the resources to maintain an empire after World War II

4. India had supported the Axis Powers during World War II 

Which nations have been most directly involved in the events illustrated in this time line?

1. Mongolia and China 
2.  Burma and Thailand
3.  India and Pakistan 
4.  Cambodia and Laos

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African independence movements and Pan Africanism

 

 After World War II, the boundaries of newly independent African countries were most often based on

1. existing ethnic settlement patterns
2. divisions imposed under European imperialism
3. mandates created under the United Nations
4. locations of oil resources

 

Some developing countries rely on a single cash crop such as cotton or sugar cane. The origin of this practice can often be traced to the

1. introduction of communism
2. establishment of democratic governments
3. colonization of the region
4. movements to gain independence

 

A goal of both the Boxer Rebellion in China and the Mau Mau movement in Kenya was to

1. promote laissez-faire capitalism
2. end foreign control
3. develop modern industries
4. create a totalitarian state

 

What does this cartoon suggest about news coverage of world events?

1. Social concerns are often overemphasized.
2. Africa’s issues are often overshadowed by events in other regions.
3. Too much time is devoted to European affairs.
4. Africa’s problems can be solved if global powers cooperate.

 

One way in which José de San Martín, Camillo Cavour, and Jomo Kenyatta are similar is that each leader

1. made significant scientific discoveries
2. led nationalist movements
3. fought against British imperialism
4. became a communist revolutionary

 

One way in which Simón Bolívar, Jomo Kenyatta, and Mohandas Gandhi are similar is that each

1. led a nationalist movement
2. used nonviolent tactics
3. supported imperialism
4. opposed communism

 

In modern African nations, the continued strength of the tribe or ethnic group is a reflection of the continuing influence of

1. European imperialism

2. urban growth

3. the slave trade

4. traditional cultures 

 

One similarity in the leadership of Simón Bolívar and Jomo Kenyatta is that both leaders

1. promoted European control over the Americas
2. became religious leaders of their countries
3. controlled large areas of land in the Americas
4. fought for independence from European control

 

Which name would best complete this partial outline?

 

I. African Nationalists of the 20th Century A. Leopold Senghor B. Jomo Kenyatta C. Julius Nyerere D. ________________________

 

1. Atatürk [Mustafa Kemal]
2. Ho Chi Minh
3. José de San Martín
4. Kwame Nkrumah

 

After World War II, the boundaries of newly independent African countries were most oftenbased on

1. existing ethnic settlement patterns
2. divisions imposed under European imperialism
3. mandates created under the United Nations
4. locations of oil resources

 

Based on these maps, which statement is accurate?

1. Egypt and Ethiopia are no longer part of Africa.
2. By 1980, most African countries had become independent.
3. By 1950, most of Africa was controlled by Russia or the United States.
4. The Union of South Africa was renamed Namibia.

 

Traditional African art has had the greatest influence on

1. classical Roman mosaics and pottery
2. Renaissance painting
3. 20th century sculpture and painting
4. Medieval European architecture

 

 

One similarity between the Sepoys in India, the Boxers in China, and the Mau Mau in Kenya is that these groups

1. tried to drive Europeans out of their countries

2. depended on Western support for their success

3. adopted Marxist economic and political principles

4. sought independence through nonviolence 

 

The stability of many African nations continues to be threatened by the

1. spread of Animism among the people

2. ethnic and tribal loyalties of the people

3. use of command economies

4. establishment of labor unions

 

A similarity of the goals of Nelson Mandela and Mohandas Gandhi is that both leaders wanted to

1. secure political power for the majority of the people

2. encourage a greater degree of industrialization

3. improve the economy by expanding governmental control

4. gain independence from the Soviet Union

 

One way in which Simón Bolívar, Jomo Kenyatta, and Ho Chi Minh are similar is that each leader

1. sought independence from colonial rule

2. ruled during a period of peace and prosperity

3. demanded human rights for all citizens

4. established a totalitarian government 

 

Which factor most limited the development of African nationalism?

1. European support of an educational system based on local traditions and language

2. the prior experience of Africans with economic self-sufficiency

3. political boundaries imposed by Europeans that had little relationship to African tribal boundaries

4. the European practice of making decisions based on local customs 

 

One way in which Kwame Nkurmah, Jomo Kenyatta, and Kenneth Kaunda are similar is that they all

1. supported the United Nations military action in the Persian Gulf War

2. played a major role in independence movements in Africa

3. rejected financial aid from the World Bank

4. opposed the Pan-African movement 

 

Which statement best describes the political situation in Africa after World War II?

1. increased nationalism led to independence for many African nations

2. France and West Germany sought to establish colonies in Africa

3. European nations increased their control over their African colonies

4. the United Nations opposed the idea of self-determination for African nations 

 

“If we are to remain free, if we are to enjoy the full benefits of Africa’s enormous wealth, we must unite to plan for the full exploitation of our human and material resources in the interest of all our people”

-Kwame Nkrumah (1950’s)

This quotation best expresses the major goal of

1. colonialism

2. Pan-Africanism

3. imperialism

4. urbanization 

 

After World War II, which action was taken by many African territories?

1. demanding independence from their colonial rulers

2. refusing to join international organizations

3. rejecting most of the technology offered by western nations

4. creating a strong, united Africa

 

 

“Rhodesia Becomes Zimbabwe”

“Gold Coast Becomes Ghana”

These headlines suggest that African governments sometimes rename their nations to

1. avoid military overthrow

2. reflect traditional cultures

3. reinforce colonial influences

4. increase foreign investments 

 

Since Nigeria’s independence in 1960, its government has frequently shifted between democracy and military dictatorship. This situation suggests that

1. some Nigerians support British colonialism

2. international problems are more easily solved by military governments

3. democracy is often difficult to establish in nations where little democratic tradition exists

4. economic prosperity is frequently achieved by military governments 

 

The desire for self-determination in African nations became a powerful force for change immediately after

1. World War II

2. the Boer War

3. revolutions in Russia and France

4. the end of the Cold War

 

The actions of Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah, Leopold Senghor, and Julius Nyerere were most closely associated with

1. a rise in nationalism in several African countries

2. the end of apartheid in South Africa

3. a resurgence of colonialism in east Africa

4. the revival of Islam in northern Africa 

 

The dominance of the Spanish language in Latin America and continued use of the French language in Senegal are examples of

1. cultural diffusion

2. social mobility

3. humanism

4. Marxism 

 

Which activity is the best example of cultural diffusion in Africa?

1. weaving kente cloth in Ghana

2. using masks in traditional African ceremonies

3. discovering bronze sculptures from Benin

4. practicing of Islam in Nigeria

 

Which title best completes this graphic organizer?

1. Violations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2. Turning Points of the 20th Century
3. Reasons for Nonalignment
4. Results of the Industrial Revolution

 

World War II was a turning point for many European colonies in Africa and Asia because the war led to

1. the occupation of most European colonies by United Nations troops
2. increased efforts by these colonies to gain independence
3. the expansion of European imperialism
4. decreased friction between the Europeans and their colonies

 

The South African government’s policy of racial separation between 1948 and 1994 was called

1. Pan-Africanism
2. apartheid
3. democratization
4. suffrage

 

Which country is most closely associated with the terms pass laws, homelands, and white minority rule?

1. El Salvador
2. Iran
3. South Africa
4. Israel

 

What is the main idea of this cartoon?

1. Nelson Mandela has completed South Africa’s reconstruction.
2. Although black South Africans have overcome many obstacles to achieve freedom, many struggles lie ahead.
3. The mountains of South Africa have hindered black South African participation in national elections.
4. The reconstruction of South Africa can only be achieved through violence, treason, and defiance.

 

. . . Above all, we want equal political rights, because without them our disabilities will be permanent. I know this sounds revolutionary to the Whites in this country, because the majority of voters will be Africans. This makes the White man fear democracy.

But this fear cannot be allowed to stand in the way of the only solution which will guarantee racial harmony and freedom for all. It is not true that the enfranchisement [right to vote] of all will result in racial domination. Political division, based on colour, is entirely artificial and, when it disappears, so will the domination of one colour group by another. The ANC [African National Congress] has spent half a century fighting against racialism. When it triumphs it will not change that policy. . . .

— Nelson Mandela, Speech at Rivonia Trial, 1964

This passage describes the opposition of the African National Congress to the

1. revival of colonialism
2. rivalries between tribes
3. practice of apartheid
4. introduction of a coalition government

 

 

What is the main idea of this cartoon?

1. The original causes of apartheid have not been eliminated.
2. Apartheid improved race relations in South Africa.
3. Peace can be achieved by nonviolence.
4. Hate is caused by poverty.

 

Which generalization can be supported by this passage?

1. Racism has disappeared in South Africa.
2. The African National Congress has changed its social goals.
3. Giving the vote to black Africans will result in racial domination.
4. Nelson Mandela opposed political division based on color.

 

One way in which the caste system and apartheid were similar is that both

1. described specific religious practices and beliefs

2. supported a rigid class structure

3. were created by British colonial governments

4. gave power to the lower classes in their respective societies

 

Which conclusion is best supported by this cartoon?

1. Imprisonment of political dissidents rarely ends opposition to the government.

2. The United Nations supports punishment for acts of civil disobedience.

3. Better media coverage would prevent the imprisonment of protesters.

4. Mistreatment of political prisoners often results in their acceptance of government policies. 

 

In the Republic of South Africa, the primary goal of the African National Congress (ANC) has been to

1. eliminate communist influence

2. rule as the majority political party

3. create a united Africa

4. promote homeland areas for Blacks 

 

In the 1980’s, global concern for Blacks in the Republic of South Africa led many nations to

1. impose economic sanctions on South Africa

2. demand that Whites return to their European homelands

3. sent troops to South Africa

4. support policies of Apartheid 

 

“The Very First Thing You Should Know About South African Stocks and Bonds”

“Two Leading Financial Institutions Show You Around South Africa’s Banking World”

“Amalgamated Banks of South Africa: Everything You’d Expect From An International Banking Partner”

The titles of these pamphlets, available in 1994 from an American business and financial publication, reflect

1. a continuation of the international trade sanctions imposed on South Africa in 1985

2. a renewed interest in investing in South Africa’s economy

3. the hazards associated with overseas economic investment

4. a belief that the banks and the bond market in South Africa are inferior to those in Europe 

 

In which way has the end of apartheid had a positive economic effect on South Africa?

1. Black South African managers have increased industrial productivity throughout the nation

2. the introduction of communism has led to a more equal distribution of income

3. many foreign companies have resumed trading and investing in South Africa

4. all profits of South Africa’s industries are now reinvested out of the country 

 

Which statement best characterizes the period of apartheid in South Africa?

1. the majority of the population had the right to vote

2. the Boers attempted to conquer Nigeria

3. many racist ideas of the ruling minority were adopted into laws

4. French was declared the official language of the nation 

 

In the Republic of South Africa, the slogans “Freedom in Our Lifetime” and “New South Africa” changed from promises to reality after

1. Frederik W. de Klerk took over the radical white police force

2. Untied Nations troops occupied the Transvaal

3. Nelson Mandela was elected President

4. the majority of white South Africans returned to Europe 

 

A major problem currently facing the Republic of South Africa is the

1. continuation of attacks from neighboring Zimbabwe

2. move toward the creation of a theocratic state

3. struggle for power between different groups within South Africa’s black majority

4. continued international economic embargo against South Africa 

 

Since the end of apartheid in South Africa, what has been one of the major challenges to the current government?

1. establishing diplomatic relations with Europe

2. resolving regional and ethnic rivalries

3. guaranteeing religious freedom for all groups 

4. improving transportation throughout the country

 

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Southeast Asia

 

Armenians under Ottoman rule and Cambodians under the Khmer Rouge both experienced

1. an outbreak of the plague
2. human rights violations
3. economic sanctions
4. an agricultural revolution

 

Which type of warfare did Mao Zedong, Fidel Castro, and Ho Chi Minh all engage in as leaders of revolutionary movements in their respective nations?

1. guerilla
2. trench
3. unrestricted submarine
4. biological

 

Which statement is valid about the history of Southeast Asia?

1. Industrialization has strengthened the traditional beliefs and lifestyles of the people.

2. The area has experienced little European contact.

3. Superpower influence has brought peace and prosperity to the region.

4. Religious beliefs have both unified and divided the people of the region. 

 

With which nation are Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge, and genocide associated?

1. Korea

2. Japan

3. Myanmar (Burma)

4. Cambodia (Kampuchea) 

 

Which has been a characteristic of many Southeast Asian countries since World War II?

1. internal struggles for power that lead to political instability

2. isolation from the influence of the superpowers

3. democratic governments based on the principles of the French Revolution

4. fundamentalist Islamic governments supported by Iran 

 

The Holocaust in Europe and the actions of the Khmer Rouge in Kampuchea (Cambodia) were similar in that they were examples of

1. Interdependence

2. Segregation

3. Genocide

4. Empathy 

 

One way in which Atatürk of Turkey and Ho Chi Minh of Vietnam are similar is that they both

1. led nationalist movements in their countries
2. formed communist governments
3. kept their countries out of the United Nations
4. led their countries during the Cold War

 

Kim Jong Il and Fidel Castro are 21st-century leaders who believe in the ideas of

1. Karl Marx
2. Adam Smith
3. Siddhartha Gautama
4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau